FILOSOFIA
DIEZ CONSEJOS PARA DESARROLLAR EL PENSAMIENTO CRÍTICO
1 Sorpréndete con todo, también con lo que parece normal.
Encuentra un nuevo sabor en las cosas conocidas, paladea aquello con lo que te
encuentras, en lugar de apartarlo. Sorpréndete con la elección de tus palabras,
con el modo en que los otros actúan, los argumentos que se dan. La normalidad
es la manera de matar el pensamiento.
2 No pienses que todo es posible. El “todo es posible” hace
peligrar seriamente el pensamiento crítico por el camino de la indeterminación.
Separa el trigo de la paja usando el sentido común y el principio de realidad,
eso te ayudará a ver qué es necesario, posible o probable.
3 Reconoce tus propios límites. Un ser humano no puede ser
perfecto. La autoconciencia empieza por el reconocimiento de los propios
límites, los de tu mente y los de tu cuerpo. La capacidad de examen crítico de
los otros viene de la habilidad para examinarte críticamente a tí mismo.
Aprende a identificar y a nombrar tus problemas y debilidades.
4 No temer la reacción de los otros. Si quieres actuar sobre
las palabras y los argumentos de los otros, estate preparado para encontrar su
irritación y su resistencia. Al ser humano no les gusta enfrentarse a la
realidad y a la verdad de lo que él es. No prestes demasiada atención a sus
miedos y no temas molestar a tu interlocutor. El arte de pensar y cuestionar
significa preferir la verdad por encima de la seguridad o la complacencia.
5 Sé paciente y aprende a escuchar. Tener paciencia significa
suspender los propios juicios y reacciones y concentrarse en lo que se da
afuera. Aprende a ser un guerrero sabio: acomete un gesto sólo cuando sea
necesario, cuando hayas observado suficientemente. Si te tomas el tiempo de
escuchar y contemplar, muchos actos se harán innecesarios. La habilidad de
responder de forma adecuada es tan importante como actuar de manera apropiada.
6 No permanezcas en la confusión. Clarifica las palabras y los
actos, los tuyos y los de tu interlocutor. Reduce al mínimo la cantidad de tus
palabras y pide a los otros que lo hagan también. Esto permitirá distinguir
entre lo esencial y lo accidental. Nombra las cosas en lugar de explicarlas, incluso
cuando te mueva un deseo intenso de hablar. Usa la idea de Spinoza: la claridad
es la verdad, la verdad es claridad.
7 Evita las trampas de la paranoia y de la ingenuidad. Es
importante sopesar las propias ideas y no caer en los extremos: ver problemas
por todas partes nos lleva a sospechar de modo compulsivo, mientras que
aceptarlo todo nos hace complacientes. Comprueba la pertinencia de tu juicio a
través del descubrimiento de los supuestos y evidencias que subyacen.
8 Distingue lo subjetivo de lo objetivo. Mira a ver si tus
ideas y acciones se apoyan en tus sentimientos y percepciones o tienen algún
fundamento objetivo. Para ello usa el sentido común y ten en cuenta el punto de
vista de los otros. Esto te ayudará a distinguir si hay discrepancia entre tu
opinión y lo que la realidad te dice.
9 Examina las palabras con criterios lógicos, de pertinencia y
de coherencia. Distingue el “no lo entiendo” del “no estoy de acuerdo” o
incluso del “no me gusta”. Aprende a crear distancia entre tú y lo que es
objeto de tu examen.
10 Cuestiónate a ti mismo y a otros. Sustituye afirmaciones por
preguntas para descubrir lo que la gente piensa. Cambia la percepción de lo que
significa preguntar: no es tan sólo un medio de obtención de información, es
una herramienta para hacer pensar.
Libros que nos inspiran: 'La civilización empática' de Jeremy Rifkin
La empatía es la capacidad de ponerse en la piel del otro. El término deriva de la palabra alemanaEinfühlung, acuñada por Robert Vischer en 1872 y empleada en estética alemana: se refiere a cómo proyecta el observador su sensibilidad en un objeto de adoración o contemplación. El origen biológico de la empatía son las neuronas espejo, descubiertas a principios de la década de 1990 por un grupo de científicos dirigido por Giacomo Rizzolatti, aunque no llegaron a comprender plenamente el hallazgo hasta varios años más tarde.
La empatía es una cualidad propiamente humana (aunque no hace mucho que los biólogos han comenzado a descubrir manifestaciones conductuales primitivas de la empatía en muchos mamíferos). La empatía es el rasgo que favorece la cooperación en el ser humano, una cooperación que, en tiempos de internet, podría cambiar el mundo para siempre de una forma que ni siquiera somos capaces aún de atisbar. Éstas y otras cuestiones sobre la empatía son las que trata magistralmente, con abundancia de datos y bibliografía, el prolífico autor Jeremy Rifkin en uno de sus mejores libros, después de La sociedad del coste marginal cero: La civilización empática.
Lucio Anneo Séneca (Latín: Lucius Annæus Seneca), llamado Séneca el Joven (Corduba, 4 a. C. – Roma, 65 d. C.), fue un filósofo, político, orador y escritor romano, conocido por sus obras de carácter moralista. Hijo del orador Marco Anneo Séneca, fue Cuestor, Pretor y Senador del Imperio Romano durante los gobiernos de Tiberio, Calígula, Claudio y Nerón, además de ministro, tutor y consejero del emperador Nerón.
Séneca destacó como pensador, tanto como intelectual y político. Consumado orador, fue una figura predominante de la política romana durante la era imperial, siendo uno de los senadores más admirados, influyentes y respetados; a causa de este extraordinario prestigio, fue objetivo tanto de enemigos como de benefactores.
De tendencias moralistas, Séneca pasó a la historia como el máximo representante del estoicismo y moralismo romano tras la plena decadencia de la república romana. La sociedad romana había perdido los valores de sus antepasados y se trastornó al buscar el placer en lo material y mundano, dando lugar a una sociedad turbulenta, amoral y antiética, que al final la condujo a su propia destrucción.
Documental de Alan de Botton sobre Sèneca y el control racional de la ira.
CARLOS TAIBO ARIAS Y EL DECRECIMIENTO
Carlos Taibo Arias (Madrid, 12 de mayo de 1956) es un escritor, editor y profesor titular de Ciencia Política y de la Administración en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.
Carlos Taibo es firme partidario del movimiento antiglobalización, del decrecimiento,1 de la democracia directa2 y del anarquismo.3Suya es la frase «La globalización avanza hacia un caos que escapa a todo control». Ha criticado duramente la lógica delcrecimiento económico, desligándolo del progreso y bienestar, debido a que el crecimiento económico afecta a todas las esferas: social, económica, política... El sistema actual asocia este crecimiento con el progreso y bienestar, relación cuestionada habitualmente por los críticos del capitalismo. En palabras del propio Taibo:
En la percepción común, en nuestra sociedad, el crecimiento ecomómico es, digámoslo así, una bendición. Lo que se nos viene a decir es que allí dónde hay crecimiento económico, hay cohesión social, servicios públicos razonablemente solventes, el desempleo no gana terreno, y la desigualdad tampoco es grande. Creo que estamos en la obligación de discutir hipercríticamente todas éstas. ¿Por qué? En primer lugar, el crecimiento económico no genera - o no genera necesariamente - cohesión social. Al fin y al cabo, éste es uno de los argumentos centrales esgrimidos por los críticos de la globalización capitalista. ¿Alguien piensa que en China hay hoy más cohesión social que hace 15 años? [...] El crecimiento económico genera, en segundo lugar, agresiones medioambientales que en muchos casos son, literalmente, irreversibles. El crecimiento económico, en tercer término, provoca el agotamiento de los recursos que no van a estar a disposición de las generaciones venideras. En cuarto y último lugar, el crecimiento económico facilita el asentamiento de lo que más de uno ha llamado el "modo de vida esclavo", que nos hace pensar que seremos más felices cuantas más horas trabajemos, más dinero ganemos, y sobre todo, más bienes acertemos a consumir.
Por detrás de todas estas aberraciones, creo que hay tres reglas de juego que lo impregnan casi todo en nuestras sociedades. La primera es la primacía de la publicidad, que nos obliga a comprar aquello que no necesitamos, y a menudo incluso aquello que objetivamente nos repugna. El segundo es el crédito, que nos permite obtener recursos para aquello que no necesitamos. Y el tercero y último, la caducidad de los productos, que están programados para que, al cabo de un periodo de tiempo extremadamente breve, dejen de servir, con lo cual nos veamos en la obligación de comprar otros nuevos.
RESUMEN DE LA HISTORIA DE LA FILOSOFÍA Y CORRIENTES ACTUALES
BREVE HISTORIA DE LA FILOSOFIA
Escuelas filosoficas contemporaneas de yoamoajair
Esencia de las enseñanzas de Krishnamurti
Filosofía: 10.000 libros para descargar por orden alfabético totalmente gratis.
El siguiente texto fue escrito por Krishnamurti el 21 de octubre de 1980, en él se resume el aspecto central de sus enseñanzas.
La esencia de las enseñanzas de Krishnamurti queda recogida en la declaración que hizo en 1929 cuando dijo: La verdad es una tierra sin senderos. El hombre no puede acercarse a ella a través de ninguna organización, de ninguna secta, dogma, sacerdote o ritual, ni a través de algún conocimiento filosófico o técnica psicológica. Tiene que encontrarla a través del espejo de las relaciones, a través de los contenidos de su propia mente, de la observación y no a través del análisis intelectual o la disección introspectiva. El hombre ha construido en sí mismo imágenes como una valla de seguridad—religiosas, políticas, personales. Estas se manifiestan en forma de símbolos, ideas, creencias. La carga de estas imágenes domina el pensamiento del hombre, sus relaciones y su vida diaria. Estas imágenes son la causa de nuestros problemas ya que dividen a los hombres. Su percepción de la vida está moldeada por conceptos ya establecidos en su mente. El contenido de su conciencia es su entera existencia. Este contenido es común en toda la humanidad. La individualidad es el nombre, la forma, la cultura superficial que él adquiere a través de la tradición y el ambiente. La unicidad del hombre no reside en lo superficial sino en la libertad absoluta del contenido de su conciencia, la cual es común en todos los seres humanos. Así él no es un individuo.
La libertad no es una reacción; no es una elección. Es la pretensión del hombre creer que por tener elección es libre. La libertad es pura observación sin dirección, sin miedo al castigo, sin recompensas. La libertad existe sin motivo; la libertad no está al fin
44 Essential Movies for the Student of Philosophy
What comes to mind when you hear the phrase “philosophical film”? The Matrix, most likely, an obvious example of a movie—or franchise—that explores timeless questions: Who are we? What is reality? Are our lives nothing more than elaborate simulations programmed by hyperintelligent supercomputers? Okay, that last one may be of more recent vintage, but it’s closely related to that ancient cave allegory of Plato’s that asks us to consider whether our experiences of the world are nothing more than illusions emanating from a “real” world that lies hidden from view. Another influence on The Matrix is Rene Descartes, whose dualistic separation of consciousness and body receives the maximum of dramatic treatment.Café filomania en Alcobendas
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filosofía relatados en manga
Zaratustra tiene los ojos rasgados. Es blanco y negro y está delimitado por dos dimensiones. Esta vez, el personaje de Nietzsche no se halla en cientos de líneas de texto, sino en viñetas. Es un Zaratustra manga. La obra del filósofo alemán inspira un libro de casi 200 páginas que muestra, en dibujos, parte de su pensamiento sobre el superhombre.
Así habló Zaratustra, el manga fue el primero. Después llegaron los mangas inspirados en El arte de la guerra, de Sun Tzu; El capital, de Karl Marx; El contrato social, de Jean-Jacques Rousseau; El príncipe, de Maquiavelo; y La divina comedia, de Dante. Los seis libros forman la colección Manga de la editorial Herder y, en apenas unas semanas, llegarán muchos más: La Ilíada y la Odisea de Homero, el manga, estará entre los siguientes.
Otros clasicos:
EL RESTO DE LOS CLÁSICOS DE LA EDITORIAL HERDER
ESCUELAS FILOSÓFICAS Y SUS REPRESENTASES (RESUMEN)
Escuelas filosóficas de Occidente
Edad Antigua
- Escuela de Mileto: Fundada en el siglo VI a. C., sus miembros fueron Tales, Anaximandro y Anaxímenes.
- Escuela eleática: Escuela presocrática con auge en los siglos VI y V a. C. Sus miembros más importantes fueron Parménides de Elea y Zenón de Elea.
- Pitagóricos: Escuela que sostenía,que la esencia de todas las cosas son los números.
- Escuela megárica: Fundada por Euclides en su ciudad natal de Megara.
- Sofistas
- Platonismo: Seguidores de Platón.
- Escuela peripatética: Seguidores de Aristóteles en el Liceo.
- Epicureísmo: Escuela de los discípulos de Epicuro.
- Estoicismo: Fundado por Zenón de Citio.
- Escuela cínica: Fundada por Antístenes, sostuvo que la felicidad viene de la vida sencilla y natural.
- Escuela cirenaica: Fundada por Aristipo de Cirene y centrada en cuestiones de ética.
Edad Media
- Agustinismo: Seguidores de Agustín de Hipona.
- Escolástica: Escuela dominante en la universidad medieval europea.
- Escuela de Oxford
- Escuela de París (filosofía)
- Escuela de San Víctor
- Escuela franciscana de París
- Averroísmo
- Nominalismo
Edad Moderna
Edad Contemporánea
- Enciclopedismo
- Idealismo
- Positivismo
- Neopositivismo
- Existencialismo
- Irracionalismo
- Vitalismo
- Personalismo
- Marxismo
- Escuela de la praxis
- Estructuralismo
- Humanismo marxista
- Humanismo cristiano
- Escuelas anarquistas
- Postmodernismo
- Deconstrucción
Escuelas filosóficas de Oriente
- Escuela de Kerala: Escuela de matemática hindú.
- Escuela de los Nombres: Escuela filosófica china.
Otras escuelas
- Escuela de Salamanca: Escuela neoescolástica y neoaristotélica.
- Escuela de Cambridge
- Escuela de Frankfurt
- Círculo de Viena: No confundir con la Escuela de Viena; o con la Escuela austríaca, de economía; o con la Escuela de Viena de Historia del Arte.
- Escuela de Praga
CORRIENTES FILOSÓFICAS Y SUS REPRESENTANTES.
I. EL IDEALISMO
DEFINICIÓN
Fue Leibniz quien empleó el término idealista al referirse a Platón y a otros autores para quienes la realidad es la forma o la idea.
Fue Leibniz quien empleó el término idealista al referirse a Platón y a otros autores para quienes la realidad es la forma o la idea.
Estos autores idealistas o formalistas sostienen doctrinas diferentes de las ya propuestas por otros autores, como por ejemplo, Epicuro, calificado de materialista.
La filosofía idealista de la época moderna se funda igualmente en las ideas, aunque el significado moderno de la idea no siempre es igual al del platonismo, pero no podemos separarlo de su sentido antiguo.
La filosofía idealista de la época moderna se funda igualmente en las ideas, aunque el significado moderno de la idea no siempre es igual al del platonismo, pero no podemos separarlo de su sentido antiguo.
II. EL REALISMO
DEFINICIÓN
“Realismo es el nombre que se da a una posición adoptada en la teoría del conocimiento o en la metafísica. En ambos casos, el realismo no se opone al nominalismo, sino al idealismo”. El realismo a su vez concede un lugar a la duda en la vida intelectual, pero considera la vida universal como la muerte de la inteligencia.
Para el realismo el espíritu humano puede conocer al ser “en sí”, y la verdad no es otra cosa, que la conformidad del juicio con la realidad.
“Realismo es el nombre que se da a una posición adoptada en la teoría del conocimiento o en la metafísica. En ambos casos, el realismo no se opone al nominalismo, sino al idealismo”. El realismo a su vez concede un lugar a la duda en la vida intelectual, pero considera la vida universal como la muerte de la inteligencia.
Para el realismo el espíritu humano puede conocer al ser “en sí”, y la verdad no es otra cosa, que la conformidad del juicio con la realidad.
III. EL ESCEPTICISMO
DEFINICIÓN
El escepticismo es la facultad de oponer, de todas las maneras posibles los fenómenos posibles y los noúmenos; y de ahí llegamos, por el equilibrio de las cosas y de las razones opuestas (isostenia), primero a la suspensión del juicio (epojé) y después a la indiferencias (ataraxia).”
DEFINICIÓN
El escepticismo es la facultad de oponer, de todas las maneras posibles los fenómenos posibles y los noúmenos; y de ahí llegamos, por el equilibrio de las cosas y de las razones opuestas (isostenia), primero a la suspensión del juicio (epojé) y después a la indiferencias (ataraxia).”
El escepticismo toma una actitud contraria al dogmatismo. Esta corriente tiene una posición que el sujeto no puede aprehender al objeto.
IV. EL DOGMATISMO
DEFINICIÓN
La palabra “dogma” de origen griego significa doctrina fijada. Para los primeros filósofos significó "opinión". El dogmatismo es una escuela filosófica que : “Da por supuestas la posibilidad y la realidad del contacto entre el sujeto y el objeto”
La palabra “dogma” de origen griego significa doctrina fijada. Para los primeros filósofos significó "opinión". El dogmatismo es una escuela filosófica que : “Da por supuestas la posibilidad y la realidad del contacto entre el sujeto y el objeto”
Dice que “los objetos de la percepción y los objetos del pensamiento nos son dados de la misma manera: directamente en su corporeidad.” Pero el conocimiento para esta corriente no es un problema: “suponen la capacidad cognoscitiva del hombre y suponen que la realidad de hecho existe; su preocupación es la naturaleza
V. SUBJETIVISMO Y RELATIVISMO
DEFINICIÓN
Subjetivismo es: “Toda teoría del conocimiento donde el carácter de verdad se hace dependiente en una forma o, en otra, de la constitución del sujeto que conoce [...] Toda teoría que pueda afirmar que lo que es verdad para un sujeto puede no serlo para otro.”
El subjetivismo en general es la reducción de toda verdad y moralidad a la individualidad psíquica del sujeto particular, siempre variable e imposible de trascender, sin posibilidad alguna de validez de una verdad absoluta universal. El subjetivismo limita la validez de la verdad al sujeto que conoce y juzga
VI. EL EMPIRISMO
DEFINICIÓN
“El empirismo es un movimiento filosófico cuyas ramificaciones son múltiples. El único rasgo común a todas ellas es no admitir más que un medio de conocimiento: la experiencia”.
“El empirismo es un movimiento filosófico cuyas ramificaciones son múltiples. El único rasgo común a todas ellas es no admitir más que un medio de conocimiento: la experiencia”.
Para esta doctrina, el origen de nuestros conocimientos no está en la razón, sino en la experiencia, ya que todo el contenido del pensamiento, primera ha tenido que pasar por los sentidos
VII. EL RACIONALISMO
DEFINICIÓN
Etimología de la palabra: Racionalismo viene de la palabra latina “ratio” = razón. En general, es la concepción que ve en el espíritu, la mente y el entendimiento, el fundamento de toda relación del hombre con el mundo considerada esta relación como forma superior del pensar humano.
Etimología de la palabra: Racionalismo viene de la palabra latina “ratio” = razón. En general, es la concepción que ve en el espíritu, la mente y el entendimiento, el fundamento de toda relación del hombre con el mundo considerada esta relación como forma superior del pensar humano.
El racionalismo entonces, es la absolutización de la razón, y se da con mucha fuerza en la época moderna, aunque no surgió en este período, porque desde mucho antes, se habían dado intentos en torno a la razón frente a los hechos de la experiencia. Esta corriente se caracteriza por lo real, por los conceptos o sistemas mentales y a la explicación de la ciencia en términos lógicos. Al hombre se le presenta como animal pensante, con dignidad y atributos de persona.
VIII. EL CRITICISMO
DEFINICIÓN
Por criticismo se entiende la doctrina de Kant, que sostiene la superioridad de la investigación del conocer sobre la investigación del ser. Esta corriente está convencida de que es posible el conocimiento para el hombre, acepta que puede llegar a poseer la verdad, puede tener conocimientos que dan certeza, pero que hace indispensable justificar racionalmente la forma cómo llegamos al conocimiento, es decir, cómo llegamos al conocimiento y en qué forma se nos da la realidad.
“El criticismo examina todas las afirmaciones de la razón humana y no acepta nada despreocupadamente. Dondequiera pregunta por los motivos y pide cuentas a la razón humana. Su conducta no es dogmática ni escéptica, sino reflexiva y crítica. Es un término medio entre la temeridad dogmática y la desesperación escéptica”
Por criticismo se entiende la doctrina de Kant, que sostiene la superioridad de la investigación del conocer sobre la investigación del ser. Esta corriente está convencida de que es posible el conocimiento para el hombre, acepta que puede llegar a poseer la verdad, puede tener conocimientos que dan certeza, pero que hace indispensable justificar racionalmente la forma cómo llegamos al conocimiento, es decir, cómo llegamos al conocimiento y en qué forma se nos da la realidad.
“El criticismo examina todas las afirmaciones de la razón humana y no acepta nada despreocupadamente. Dondequiera pregunta por los motivos y pide cuentas a la razón humana. Su conducta no es dogmática ni escéptica, sino reflexiva y crítica. Es un término medio entre la temeridad dogmática y la desesperación escéptica”
IX. EL PRAGMATISMO
DEFINICIÓN
Movimiento filosófico desarrollado especialmente en Estados Unidos e Inglaterra, pero con repercusión y desarrollo parcial en otros países.
Movimiento filosófico desarrollado especialmente en Estados Unidos e Inglaterra, pero con repercusión y desarrollo parcial en otros países.
El pragmatismo consiste en reducir “lo verdadero a lo útil” negando el conocimiento teórico en diversos grados; para los más radicales sólo es verdadero aquello que conduce al éxito individual, mientras que para otros, sólo es verdadero cuando se haya verificado con los hechos.
X. MATERIALISMO
DEFINICIÓN
El Materialismo es una doctrina según la cual todo lo que existe no está determinado y se explica por algo superior y previo a lo experimentable y aprehendible empíricamente (Dios, espíritu, inteligencia del mundo, ideas), sino que está determinado en su ser sólo por algo material y en su comportamiento sólo por la causalidad eficiente
El Materialismo es una doctrina según la cual todo lo que existe no está determinado y se explica por algo superior y previo a lo experimentable y aprehendible empíricamente (Dios, espíritu, inteligencia del mundo, ideas), sino que está determinado en su ser sólo por algo material y en su comportamiento sólo por la causalidad eficiente
XI. HISTORICISMO
DEFINICIÓN
La historia da origen a una rica problemática, que se despliega en múltiples cuestiones. En primer lugar debemos distinguir dos aspectos: la historia como realidad y la historia como ciencia. “La historia como realidad consiste en un conjunto de acciones humanas realizada sucesivamente en el tiempo y de sus resultados relacionados entre sí. La historia como ciencia es el estudio crítico y la narración ordenada de esos acontecimientos”.
La historia da origen a una rica problemática, que se despliega en múltiples cuestiones. En primer lugar debemos distinguir dos aspectos: la historia como realidad y la historia como ciencia. “La historia como realidad consiste en un conjunto de acciones humanas realizada sucesivamente en el tiempo y de sus resultados relacionados entre sí. La historia como ciencia es el estudio crítico y la narración ordenada de esos acontecimientos”.
La historia es un resultado en que se conjugan todas las modalidades que reviste la realidad, la unidad y la diversidad, la necesidad y la libertad, el determinismo y la contingencia, la fijeza de leyes universales con la movilidad de los acontecimientos particulares, sujetos a múltiples circunstancias variables en imprevisibles que influyen en el curso de los sucesos
XII. FENOMENOLOGÍA
DEFINICIÓN
Es la doctrina filosófica que estudia lo que aparece, es decir, los fenómenos. Fue iniciada por el filósofo J.H. Lambert (1728-1777), al investigar sobre el tema de las apariencias. En la modernidad surge en el siglo XX en Alemania con Husserl. “La fenomenología es el estudio de la ciencia del fenómeno, puesto que todo aquello que aparece es fenómeno.
La fenomenología es una ciencia de objetos ideales, por tanto a priori y universal, porque es ciencia de las vivencias. “Es una ciencia esencialmente nueva, alejada del pensar natural, por lo que tiene de peculiar y por desarrollarse sólo en nuestros días se llama a sí misma ciencia de fenómenos.
Es la doctrina filosófica que estudia lo que aparece, es decir, los fenómenos. Fue iniciada por el filósofo J.H. Lambert (1728-1777), al investigar sobre el tema de las apariencias. En la modernidad surge en el siglo XX en Alemania con Husserl. “La fenomenología es el estudio de la ciencia del fenómeno, puesto que todo aquello que aparece es fenómeno.
La fenomenología es una ciencia de objetos ideales, por tanto a priori y universal, porque es ciencia de las vivencias. “Es una ciencia esencialmente nueva, alejada del pensar natural, por lo que tiene de peculiar y por desarrollarse sólo en nuestros días se llama a sí misma ciencia de fenómenos.
XIII. EXISTENCIALISMO
DEFINICIÓN
Etimológicamente proviene de los vocablos latinos Ex–Sistere, Existentia, que significan “lo que está ahí”, “lo que es”. También Ex–Sistit, que es “lo que está afuera”; así, la existencia es equiparable a la realidad, lo que está “Ex” de la cosa que es.
Etimológicamente proviene de los vocablos latinos Ex–Sistere, Existentia, que significan “lo que está ahí”, “lo que es”. También Ex–Sistit, que es “lo que está afuera”; así, la existencia es equiparable a la realidad, lo que está “Ex” de la cosa que es.
De este modo, el existencialismo, como relación hombre mundo, “lucha contra toda concepción del hombre que le considere independiente de sus relaciones con el mundo, como alma pura, conciencia pura, yo puro o espíritu puro”.
El existencialismo es una de las corrientes filosóficas más importantes del Siglo XX, tiene sus raíces en pensadores como Sören Kierkegaard y su posición sobre la angustia. Surgió después de la Primera Guerra Mundial y tuvo un resurgimiento en la Segunda Guerra Mundial.
XIV. POSITIVISMO
DEFINICIÓN
Es un sistema filosófico basado en la experiencia y el conocimiento empírico de los fenómenos naturales, en el cual la metafísica y la teología son sistemas de conocimientos imperfectos e inadecuados
Es un sistema filosófico basado en la experiencia y el conocimiento empírico de los fenómenos naturales, en el cual la metafísica y la teología son sistemas de conocimientos imperfectos e inadecuados
XV. EL ESTRUCTURALISMO
DEFINICIÓN
Es un movimiento heterogéneo que inicialmente aparece como una metodología científica, convirtiéndose luego en una ideología filosófica que pretende elaborar teorías objetivas y verificables, a través del control científico a las ciencias del espíritu. En el estructuralismo el hombre pasa de ser sujeto de la historia y de la cultura, a ser objeto que se conoce por la objetividad y la neutralidad científica.
Es un movimiento heterogéneo que inicialmente aparece como una metodología científica, convirtiéndose luego en una ideología filosófica que pretende elaborar teorías objetivas y verificables, a través del control científico a las ciencias del espíritu. En el estructuralismo el hombre pasa de ser sujeto de la historia y de la cultura, a ser objeto que se conoce por la objetividad y la neutralidad científica.
Quienes asumieron el estructuralismo “buscaron la permanencia y estabilidad de las estructuras que duran y derivan su significado solamente de sí mismas y de sus raíces en una naturaleza humana, en cuanto realidad plenamente determinada como los demás objetos del mundo
PRINCIPALES REPRESENTANTES DE LAS CORRIENTES DE LA FILOSÓFICAS
PRINCIPALES REPRESENTANTES DE LAS CORRIENTES DE LA FILOSÓFICAS
EL IDEALISMO
1. Platón
2. Renato Descartes
3. Nicolás Malebranche
4. Godofredo Guillermo Leibniz
5. Emmanuel Kant
6. Juan Teófilo Fichte
7. Federico Guillermo José Schelling
8. Jorge Guillermo Federico Hegel
2. Renato Descartes
3. Nicolás Malebranche
4. Godofredo Guillermo Leibniz
5. Emmanuel Kant
6. Juan Teófilo Fichte
7. Federico Guillermo José Schelling
8. Jorge Guillermo Federico Hegel
EL REALISMO
1. Miguel de Montaigne
2. David Hume
3. Pedro Bayle
2. David Hume
3. Pedro Bayle
EL DOGMATISMO
EL EMPIRISMO
EL POSITIVISMO
EL RACIONALISMO
1. Renato Descartes
2. Blas Pascal
3. Nicolás Malebranche
4. Baruc Spinoza
5. Godofredo Guillermo Leibniz
2. Blas Pascal
3. Nicolás Malebranche
4. Baruc Spinoza
5. Godofredo Guillermo Leibniz
EL PRAGMATISMO
1. William James
2. Charles Sanders Pierce
3. John Dewey
2. Charles Sanders Pierce
3. John Dewey
EL MATERIALISMO
EL HISTORICISMO
1. Guillermo Dilthey
2. Karl Popper
3. Johann Gotfried Herder
2. Karl Popper
3. Johann Gotfried Herder
1. Edmund Husserl
2. Max Scheler
2. Max Scheler
EXISTENCIALISTAS CRISTIANOS
AMPLIADO EN UN PDF PARA DESCARGAR (en el icono de in):
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GALERIA PRINCIPALES FILÓSOFOS DE LA HISTORIA
Cicerón De finibus bonorum et malorum (Sobre los límites del bien y del mal)
Lorem ipsum ad his scripta blandit partiendo, eum fastidii accumsan euripidis in, eum liber hendrerit an. Qui ut wisi vocibus suscipiantur, quo dicit ridens inciderint id. Quo mundi lobortis reformidans eu, legimus senserit definiebas an eos. Eu sit tincidunt incorrupte definitionem, vis mutat affert percipit cu, eirmod consectetuer signiferumque eu per. In usu latine equidem dolores. Quo no falli viris intellegam, ut fugit veritus placerat per. Ius id vidit volumus mandamus, vide veritus democritum te nec, ei eos debet libris consulatu. No mei ferri graeco dicunt, ad cum veri accommodare. Sed at malis omnesque delicata, usu et iusto zzril meliore. Dicunt maiorum eloquentiam cum cu, sit summo dolor essent te. Ne quodsi nusquam legendos has, ea dicit voluptua eloquentiam pro, ad sit quas qualisque. Eos vocibus deserunt quaestio ei. Blandit incorrupte quaerendum in quo, nibh impedit id vis, vel no nullam semper audiam. Ei populo graeci consulatu mei, has ea stet modus phaedrum. Inani oblique ne has, duo et veritus detraxit. Tota ludus oratio ea mel, offendit persequeris ei vim. Eos dicat oratio partem ut, id cum ignota senserit intellegat. Sit inani ubique graecis ad, quando graecis liberavisse et cum, dicit option eruditi at duo. Homero salutatus suscipiantur eum id, tamquam voluptaria expetendis ad sed, nobis feugiat similique usu ex. Eum hinc argumentum te, no sit percipit adversarium, ne qui feugiat persecuti. Odio omnes scripserit ad est, ut vidit lorem maiestatis his, putent mandamus gloriatur ne pro. Oratio iriure rationibus ne his, ad est corrumpit splendide. Ad duo appareat moderatius, ei falli tollit denique eos. Dicant evertitur mei in, ne his deserunt perpetua sententiae, ea sea omnes similique vituperatoribus. Ex mel errem intellegebat comprehensam, vel ad tantas antiopam delicatissimi, tota ferri affert eu nec. Legere expetenda pertinacia ne pro, et pro impetus persius assueverit. Ea mei nullam facete, omnis oratio offendit ius cu. Doming takimata repudiandae usu an, mei dicant takimata id, pri eleifend inimicus euripidis at. His vero singulis ea, quem euripidis abhorreant mei ut, et populo iriure vix. Usu ludus affert voluptaria ei, vix ea error definitiones, movet fastidii signiferumque in qui. Vis prodesset adolescens adipiscing te, usu mazim perfecto recteque at, assum putant erroribus mea in. Vel facete imperdiet id, cum an libris luptatum perfecto, vel fabellas inciderint ut. Veri facete debitis ea vis, ut eos oratio erroribus. Sint facete perfecto no vel, vim id omnium insolens. Vel dolores perfecto pertinacia ut, te mel meis ullum dicam, eos assum facilis corpora in. Mea te unum viderer dolores, nostrum detracto nec in, vis no partem definiebas constituam. Dicant utinam philosophia has cu, hendrerit prodesset at nam, eos an bonorum dissentiet. Has ad placerat intellegam consectetuer, no adipisci mandamus senserit pro, torquatos similique percipitur est ex. Pro ex putant deleniti repudiare, vel an aperiam sensibus suavitate. Ad vel epicurei convenire, ea soluta aliquid deserunt ius, pri in errem putant feugiat. Sed iusto nihil populo an, ex pro novum homero cotidieque. Te utamur civibus eleifend qui, nam ei brute doming concludaturque, modo aliquam facilisi nec no. Vidisse maiestatis constituam eu his, esse pertinacia intellegam ius cu. Eos ei odio veniam, eu sumo altera adipisci eam, mea audiam prodesset persequeris ea. Ad vitae dictas vituperata sed, eum posse labore postulant id. Te eligendi principes dignissim sit, te vel dicant officiis repudiandae. Id vel sensibus honestatis omittantur, vel cu nobis commune patrioque. In accusata definiebas qui, id tale malorum dolorem sed, solum clita phaedrum ne his. Eos mutat ullum forensibus ex, wisi perfecto urbanitas cu eam, no vis dicunt impetus. Assum novum in pri, vix an suavitate moderatius, id has reformidans referrentur. Elit inciderint omittantur duo ut, dicit democritum signiferumque eu est, ad suscipit delectus mandamus duo. An harum equidem maiestatis nec. At has veri feugait placerat, in semper offendit praesent his. Omnium impetus facilis sed at, ex viris tincidunt ius. Unum eirmod dignissim id quo. Sit te atomorum quaerendum neglegentur, his primis tamquam et. Eu quo quot veri alienum, ea eos nullam luptatum accusamus. Ea mel causae phaedrum reprimique, at vidisse dolores ocurreret nam.
CONTACTO
ARTE
PINTORES DE FANTASIA: GONZALO ORDÓÑEZ ARIAS (SELECCIÓN)
Gonzalo Ordoñez Arias, Is an extraordinary digital artist and painter of fantasy art. He was born in Arica, in the north of Chile (a port city) and now lives in the capital, Santiago. He started copying drawings of his favorite cartoonists and comics at school. At that time, manga and videogames were a huge hit and as such became a huge inspiration. He now dedicates his full-time on freelance fantasy art & character design Illustration.
GODS & TITANS
Aphroidite And the Beasts.
Sirens of Greek mythology are sometimes portrayed in later folklore as mermaid-like; in fact, some languages use the same word for both bird and fish creatures. Much like sirens, mermaids would sometimes sing to people and gods and enchant them, distracting them from their work [more]
Izanami And Izanagi "In Japanese mythology the two deities Izanagi (The Male Who Invites) and Izanami (The Female Who Invites) are the creators of Japan and its gods. In one important myth, they descend to Yomitsu Kuni, the underworld and land of darkness."
Ishtar is the Assyrian and Babylonian counterpart to the Sumerian Inanna and to the cognate north-west Semitic goddess Astarte. Is a goddess of fertility, love, war, and sex. In the Babylonian pantheon, she "was the divine personification of the planet Venus". Ishtar was above all associated with sexuality: her cult involved sacred prostitution; her holy city Uruk was called the "town of the sacred courtesans"; and she herself was the "courtesan of the gods".
Shiva (/ˈʃivə/; Sanskrit: Śiva, meaning "The Auspicious One"), also known as Mahadeva ("Great God"), is a popular Hindu deity. Shiva is regarded as one of the primary forms of God. He is the Supreme God within Shaivism, one of the three most influential denominations in contemporary Hinduism. He is one of the five primary forms of God in the Smarta tradition, and "the Destroyer" or "the Transformer"[among the Trimurti, the Hindu Trinity of the primary aspects of the divine.
Ganesha (/ɡəˈneɪʃə/; Sanskrit (IAST): Gaṇeśa; also known as Ganapati and Vinayaka, is one of the best-known and most worshipped deities in the Hindu pantheon. His image is found throughout India. Hindu sects worship him regardless of affiliations.Devotion to Ganesha is widely diffused and extends to Jains, Buddhists, and beyond India.
Zarich is one of the female members of the Daevas and the personification of ageing. Her eternal opponent is Ameretat.
CONTACTO
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plugin Post Type Switcher: como convertir post en page y viceversa
plugin Post Type Switcher: como convertir post en page y viceversa
ARTE
PINTORES DE FANTASIA: GONZALO ORDÓÑEZ ARIAS (SELECCIÓN)
Gonzalo Ordoñez Arias, Is an extraordinary digital artist and painter of fantasy art. He was born in Arica, in the north of Chile (a port city) and now lives in the capital, Santiago. He started copying drawings of his favorite cartoonists and comics at school. At that time, manga and videogames were a huge hit and as such became a huge inspiration. He now dedicates his full-time on freelance fantasy art & character design Illustration.
Greek Gods, Heroes And Fiends From Mythology.
GODS & TITANS
In Greek mythology, Gaia, (gay-əorgah-yə; from Ancient Greek Γαῖα, a poetical form of Γῆ Gē, Ge, "land" or "earth") also spelled Gaea, was the personification of the Earth and one of the Greek primordial deities. Gaia was the great mother of all: the primal Greek Mother Goddess; creator and giver of birth to the Earth and all the Universe; the heavenly gods, the Titans, and the Giants were born to her. The gods reigning over their classical pantheon were born from her union with Uranus (the sky), while the sea-gods were born from her union with Pontus (the sea). Her equivalent in the Roman pantheon was Terra.
Uranus (/ˈjʊərənəs/ or /jʊˈreɪnəs/; Ancient Greek Οὐρανός, Ouranos[oːranós] meaning "sky" or "heaven") was the primal Greek god personifying the sky. His equivalent in Roman mythology was Caelus. In Ancient Greek literature, Uranus or Father Sky was the son and husband of Gaia, Mother Earth. According to Hesiod's Theogony, Uranus was conceived by Gaia alone, but other sources citeAether as his father. Uranus and Gaia were the parents of the first generation of Titans, and the ancestors of most of the Greek gods, but no cult addressed directly to Uranus survived into Classical times, and Uranus does not appear among the usual themes of Greek painted pottery. Elemental Earth, Sky and Styx might be joined, however, in a solemn invocation in Homeric epic.
Cronus/ˈkroʊnəs/ or both Cronos and Kronos/ˈkroʊnɒs/ (Greek: Κρόνος [krónos]) was in Greek mythology the leader and the youngest of the first generation of Titans, the divine descendants of Uranus, the sky and Gaia, the earth. He overthrew his father and ruled during the mythological Golden Age, until he was overthrown by his own son Zeus and imprisoned in Tartarus.
Hera (/ˈhɛrə/, Greek Ἥρα, Hēra, equivalently Ἥρη, Hērē, in Ionic and Homer) is the wife and one of three sisters of Zeus in theOlympian pantheon of Greek mythology and religion. Her chief function was as the goddess of women and marriage. Her counterpart in the religion of ancient Rome was Juno. The cow, lion and the peacock were considered sacred to her. Hera's mother is Rhea and her father Cronus.
Zeus in Greek mythology is the king of the gods, the ruler of Mount Olympus and the god of the sky and thunder. His symbols are the thunderbolt, eagle, bull, and oak. In addition to his Indo-European inheritance, the classical "cloud-gatherer" also derives certain iconographic traits from the [more]
Hades, In Greek mythology, Hades and his brothers Zeus and Poseidon defeated the Titans and claimed rulership over the universe ruling the underworld, air, and sea, respectively; the solid earth, long the province of Gaia, was available to all three concurrently. Because of his association with [more]
Poseidon (Also known as Neptune) was the god of the sea and, as "Earth-Shaker," of earthquakes in Greek mythology. In most accounts he is swallowed by Cronus at birth but later saved, with his other brothers and sisters, by Zeus. However in some versions of the story, he, like his brother did not [more]
Athena (/əˈθiːnə/; Attic Greek: Ἀθηνᾶ, Athēnā, or Ἀθηναία, Athēnaia; Epic: Ἀθηναίη, Athēnaiē; Doric: Ἀθάνα, Athānā) or Athene(/əˈθiːniː/; Ionic: Ἀθήνη, Athēnē), often given the epithet Pallas (/ˈpæləs/; Παλλὰς), is the goddess of wisdom, courage, inspiration, civilization, law and justice, strategic war, mathematics, strength, strategy, the arts, crafts, and skill in ancient Greek religion andmythology. Minerva is the Roman goddess identified with Athena.
Athena is portrayed as a shrewd companion of heroes and is the patron goddess of heroic endeavour. She is the virgin patroness ofAthens. The Athenians founded the Parthenon on the Acropolis of her namesake city, Athens (Athena Parthenos), in her honour.
Aphroidite And the Beasts.
Aphrodite (/æfrəˈdaɪti/ af-rə-dy-tee; Greek: Ἀφροδίτη) is the Greek goddess of love, beauty, pleasure, and procreation. HerRoman equivalent is the goddess Venus. She is identified with the planet Venus.
As with many ancient Greek deities, there is more than one story about her origins. According to Hesiod's Theogony, she was born when Cronus cut off Uranus's genitals and threw them into the sea, and she arose from the sea foam (aphros). According toHomer's Iliad, she is the daughter of Zeus and Dione. According to Plato (Symposium, 180e), these two origins were of entirely separate entities: Aphrodite Ourania and Aphrodite Pandemos.
Ares, In Greek mythology, Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera. Though often referred to as the Olympian god of warfare, he is more accurately the god of bloodlust, or slaughter personified: "Ares is apparently an ancient abstract noun meaning throng of battle, war." He is an important Olympian god in the [more]
Medusa, from greek mythology was a monstrous chthonic female character; gazing upon her would turn onlookers to stone. She was beheaded by the hero Perseus, who thereafter used her head as a weapon, until giving it to the goddess Athena to place on her shield. In classical antiquity and today [more]
Delphi is perhaps best-known for the oracle at the sanctuary that was dedicated to Apollo during the classical period. According to Aeschylus in the prologue of the Eumenides, it had origins in prehistoric times and the worship of Gaia. In the last quarter of the 8th century BC there is a steady [more]
Leda (/ˈliːdə, ˈleɪ-/; Greek: Λήδα [lɛ͜ɛ́da͜a]) was daughter of the Aetolian king Thestius, and wife of king Tyndareus(Τυνδάρεως) of Sparta. Her myth gave rise to the popular motif in Renaissance and later art of Leda and the Swan. She was the mother of Helen (Ἑλένη) of Troy, Clytemnestra (Κλυταιμνήστρα), and Castor and Pollux (Κάστωρ καὶ Πολυδεύκης, also spelled Kastor and Polydeuces).
Leda was admired by Zeus, who seduced her in the guise of a swan. As a swan, Zeus fell into her arms for protection from a pursuing eagle. Their consummation, on the same night as Leda lay with her husband Tyndareus, resulted in two eggs from which hatched Helen (later known as the beautiful "Helen of Troy"), Clytemnestra, and Castor and Pollux (also known as the Dioscuri (Διόσκουροι)). Which children are the progeny of Tyndareus the mortal king, and which are of Zeus and thus half-immortal, is not consistent among accounts, nor is which child hatched from which egg. The split is almost always half mortal, half divine; although the pairings do not always reflect the children's heritage pairings. Castor and Polydeuces are sometimes both mortal, sometimes both divine. One consistent point is that if only one of them is immortal, it is Polydeuces. It is also always stated that Helen is the daughter of Zeus.
Heracles (/ˈhɛrəkliːz/ herr-ə-kleez; Ancient Greek: Ἡρακλῆς, Hēraklēs, from Hēra, "Hera", and kleos, "glory"), born Alcaeus(Ἀλκαῖος, Alkaios) or Alcides (Ἀλκείδης, Alkeidēs), was a divine hero in Greek mythology, the son of Zeus and Alcmene, foster son of Amphitryon and great-grandson (and half-brother) of Perseus. He was the greatest of the Greek heroes, a paragon of masculinity, the ancestor of royal clans who claimed to be Heracleidae (Ἡρακλεῖδαι) and a champion of the Olympian order againstchthonic monsters. In Rome and the modern West, he is known as Hercules, with whom the later Roman Emperors, in particularCommodus and Maximian, often identified themselves. The Romans adopted the Greek version of his life and works essentially unchanged, but added anecdotal detail of their own, some of it linking the hero with the geography of the Central Mediterranean. Details of his cult were adapted to Rome as well.
Sirens of Greek mythology are sometimes portrayed in later folklore as mermaid-like; in fact, some languages use the same word for both bird and fish creatures. Much like sirens, mermaids would sometimes sing to people and gods and enchant them, distracting them from their work [more]
HECTOR VS ACHILES
Achilles (/əˈkɪliːz/; Ancient Greek: Ἀχιλλεύς, Akhilleus, pronounced [akʰilːéu̯s]) was a Greek hero of the Trojan War and the central character and greatest warrior of Homer's Iliad. His mother was the nymph Thetis, and his father, Peleus, was the king of the Myrmidons.
Achilles’ most notable feat during the Trojan War was the slaying of the Trojan hero Hector outside the gates of Troy. Although the death of Achilles is not presented in the Iliad, other sources concur that he was killed near the end of the Trojan War by Paris, who shot him in the heel with an arrow. Later legends (beginning with a poem by Statius in the 1st century AD) state that Achilles was invulnerable in all of his body except for his heel. Because of his death from a small wound in the heel, the term Achilles' heel has come to mean a person's point of weakness.
Helen of Troy (Greek ἙλένηHelénē, pronounced [helénɛː]), also known as Helen of Sparta, was the daughter of Zeusand Leda, and was a sister of Castor, Pollux, and Clytemnestra. In Greek myths, she was considered the most beautiful woman in the world. By marriage she was Queen of Laconia, a province within Homeric Greece, the wife of King Menelaus. Her abduction by Paris, Prince of Troy, brought about the Trojan War. Elements of her putative biography come from classical authors such as Aristophanes,Cicero, Euripides and, of course, Homer (both The Iliad and The Odyssey).
Leonidas ( literally "lion’s son") was a king of Sparta, who was believed in mythology to be a descendant of Heracles, possessing much of the latter’s strength and bravery. The date of Leonidas’ birth is not known, although Paul Cartledge argues he must have been born around 540 BC. This, [more]
Fantasy Art Of Egyptian Gods, Pharaoh’s And Prophets.
Anubis is the name for a jackal-headed god associated with mummification and the afterlife in Egyptian mythology. Anubis was the most important god of the Dead but he was replaced during the Middle Kingdom by Osiris. He takes names in connection with his funerary role, such as He who [more]
Ra is the ancient Egyptian sun god. By the Fifth Dynasty he had become a major deity in ancient Egyptian religion, identified primarily with the mid-day sun. In later Egyptian dynastic times, Ra was merged with the god Horus. He was associated with the falcon or hawk. When in the New [more]
Horus is one of the oldest and most significant deities in ancient Egyptian religion, who was worshipped from at least the late Predynastic period through to Greco-Roman times. Different forms of Horus are recorded in history and these are treated as distinct gods by Egypt specialists. These various forms may possibly be different perceptions of the same multi-layered deity in which certain attributes or syncretic relationships are emphasized, not necessarily in opposition but complementary to one another, consistent with how the Ancient Egyptians viewed the multiple facets of reality. He was most often depicted as a falcon, most likely a lanner or peregrine, or as a man with a falcon head.
Ramesses II (known as Ramesses The Great and also known as Ozymandias in the Greek sources ) was the third Egyptian pharaoh of the Nineteenth dynasty. He is often regarded as Egypt’s greatest, most celebrated, and most powerful pharaoh. He is believed to have been the Pharaoh of the Exodus. [more]
Religion, Demon & Angel Fantasy Art Illustrations.
Michael is an archangel in Jewish, Christian and Islamic tradition. He is viewed as the field commander of the Army of God. He is mentioned by name in the Book of Daniel, the Book of Jude and the Book of Revelation. In the book of Daniel, Michael appears as "one of the chief princes" who [more]
Gabriel, is an angel who serves as a messenger from God. He first appears in the Book of Daniel in the Hebrew Bible. In some traditions he is regarded as one of the archangels, or as the angel of death. He is also known as Saint Gabriel to some Christian denominations. [more]
Lucifer generally refers to the Devil, although the name is not applied to him in the New Testament. The use of the name "Lucifer" in reference to a fallen angel stems from an interpretation of Isaiah 14:3–20, a passage that speaks of a particular Babylonian King, to whom it gives a title that refers [more]
Uriel (אוּרִיאֵל "El/God is my light", Auriel/Oriel (God is my light) Standard Hebrew Uriʾel, Tiberian Hebrew ʾÛrîʾēl) is one of thearchangels of post-Exilic Rabbinic tradition, and also of certain Christian traditions.
In apocryphal, kabbalistic and occult works Uriel has been equated or confused with Urial, Nuriel, Uryan, Jeremiel, Vretil, Sariel, Suriel, Puruel, Phanuel, Jacob, Azrael and Raphael.
Metatron (Hebrew מטטרון) or Mattatron is an archangel in Judaism and in Christian folklore as well as the Chancellor of Heaven (effectively making Adramelech his infernal counterpart). According to Jewish medieval apocrypha, he is Enoch, ancestor of Noah, transformed into an angel. There are no references to Metatron as an angel in the Jewish or Christian scriptures; however, Genesis 5:24 is often cited as evidence of Enoch's bodily ascension into heaven —"And Enoch walked with God: and he was not; for God took him." Although he is mentioned in a few brief passages in the Talmud, Metatron appears primarily in Jewish mystical texts and other post-scriptural esoteric sources, such as the Books of Enoch: 1 Enoch: Book of Parables, 2 Enoch, and 3 Enoch. In Rabbinic tradition, he is the highest of the angels and serves as the celestial scribe.
Angra mainyu ancient Persian (Iran) religion and books of Zoroastrianism, Angra Mainyu is the god of darkness, the eternal destroyer of good, personification and creator of evil, bringer of death and disease. He is seen as the personification of evil, he leading the dark forces against the hosts of Spenta Mainyu, the holy spirit, who assisted Ahura Mazda, the wise lord, and final victor of the cosmic conflict. He is what in Christian religion can be called Satan.
Baal Zebu = In Christian demonology, he is one of the seven princes of Hell according to Catholic views on Hell. The Dictionnaire Infernaldescribes Beelzebub as a demonic fly who is also known as the "Lord of the Flies."
Baal, also rendered Baʿal (Biblical Hebrew בַּעַל, pronounced [ˈbaʕal]), is a North-West Semitic title and honorific meaning "master" or "lord" that is used for various gods who were patrons of cities in the Levant and Asia Minor, cognate to Akkadian Bēlu. A Baalist or Baalitemeans a worshipper of Baal.
"Baal" may refer to any god and even to human officials. In some texts it is used for Hadad, a god of thunderstorms, fertility and agriculture, and the lord of Heaven. Baal is often represented by the symbol of the bull. Since only priests were allowed to utter his divine name, Hadad, Ba‛al was commonly used. Nevertheless, few if any biblical uses of "Baal" refer to Hadad, the lord over the assembly of gods on the holy mount of Heaven; most refer to a variety of local spirit-deities worshiped as cult images, each called baal and regarded in the Hebrew Bible in that context as a false god.
Naamah or Na'amah (meaning pleasant) is a figure in Jewish mysticism. She is a succubus and fallen angel, and is generally regarded as an aspect or relation of Lilith. Naamah is said to have engaged, like Lilith, in intercourse with Adam. Naamah and Lilith lived in the Red Sea coast where they were expelled by God. Her appearance is similar to Lilith, but Lilith being more sensual, young and beautiful and as one that corrupted the fallen angels and their leader Semyaza.
Eve was, according to the Book of Genesis, the first woman created by God, and an important figure in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Her husband was Adam, from whose rib God created her to be his companion. She succumbs to the serpent’s temptation via the suggestion that to eat the forbidden [more]
Count Dracula is a centuries-old vampire, sorcerer and Transylvanian nobleman, who claims to be a descended from Attila the Hun. He inhabits a decaying castle in the Carpathian Mountains. Contrary to the vampires of Eastern European folklore, which are portrayed as repulsive, corpse-like [more]
Oriental Mythology, Fantasy Art & Folktales.
Amaterasu is described in the Kojiki as the sun goddess who was born from Izanagi’s left eye. She was also accompanied by her siblings Susanoo, the storm deity, and Tsukuyomi, the moon deity. In the Kojiki, Amaterasu is described as the goddess from which all light emanates and is often referred [more]
Izanami And Izanagi "In Japanese mythology the two deities Izanagi (The Male Who Invites) and Izanami (The Female Who Invites) are the creators of Japan and its gods. In one important myth, they descend to Yomitsu Kuni, the underworld and land of darkness."More Mythology Character Designs & Female Mermaid Art.
Thor (/θɔr/; from Old Norse Þórr) is a hammer-wielding god associated with thunder, lightning, storms, oak trees,strength, the protection of mankind, and also hallowing, healing and fertility. The cognate deity in wider Germanic mythology and paganism was known in Old English as Þunor and in Old High German as Donar, stemming from a Common Germanic*Þunraz (meaning "thunder").
Loki (/ˈloʊki/), Loptr, or Hveðrungr is a god or jötunn (or both). Loki is the son of Fárbauti and Laufey, and the brother of Helblindi and Býleistr. By the jötunn Angrboða, Loki is the father of Hel, the wolf Fenrir, and the world serpent Jörmungandr. By his wife Sigyn, Loki is the father of Narfi and/or Nari. By the stallion Svaðilfari, Loki is the mother—giving birth in the form of a mare—to the eight-legged horse Sleipnir. In addition, Loki is referred to as the father of Váli in the Prose Edda.
Odin (/ˈoʊdɨn/; from Old Norse Óðinn, "The Furious One") is a major god in Germanic mythology, especially in Norse mythology. In many Norse sources he is the Allfather of the gods and the ruler of Asgard. Homologous with the Old English "Wōden", the Old Saxon"Wôdan" and the Old High German "Wôtan", the name is descended from Proto-Germanic "Wōdanaz" or "*Wōðanaz".
"Odin" is generally accepted as the modern English form of the name, although, in some cases, older forms may be used or preferred. His name is related to óðr, meaning "fury, excitation", as well as "mind" or "poetry". His role, like that of many of the Norse gods, is complex. Odin is a principal member of the Æsir (the major group of the Norse pantheon) and is associated with war, battle, victory and death, but also wisdom, Shamanism, magic, poetry, prophecy, and the hunt. Odin has many sons, the most famous of whom is the thunder god Thor.
A valkyrie (from Old Norse valkyrja "chooser of the slain") is one of a host of female figures who choose those who may die in battle and those who may live. Selecting among half of those who die in battle (the other half go to the goddess Freyja's afterlife field Fólkvangr), the valkyries bring their chosen to the afterlife hall of the slain, Valhalla, ruled over by the god Odin. There, the deceased warriors become einherjar (Old Norse "single (or once) fighters"). When the einherjar are not preparing for the events of Ragnarök, the valkyries bear them mead. Valkyries also appear as lovers of heroes and other mortals, where they are sometimes described as the daughters of royalty, sometimes accompanied by ravens, and sometimes connected to swans or horses.
Brynhildr is a shieldmaiden and a valkyrie in Norse mythology, where she appears as a main character in the Völsunga saga. Brynhildr is the daughter of Budli. She was ordered to decide a fight between two kings: Hjalmgunnar and Agnar. The valkyrie knew that Odin himself preferred the older king [more]
Alraune, The basis of the story of Alraune dates to the Middles Ages in Germany. The humanoid-shaped Mandrake root or Mandragora officinarum was widely believed to be produced by the fluids of hanged men under the gallows. Alchemists claimed that when hanged men broke his necks, vital fluids [more]
In Babylonian mythology, Tiamat is a goddess who personifies the sea. Tiamat is considered the monstrous embodiment of primordial chaos. Some sources identify her with images of a sea serpent or dragon. In the Enûma Elish, the Babylonian epic of creation, she gives birth to the first generation of deities; she later makes war upon them and is killed by the storm-god Marduk. The heavens and
the earth are formed from her divided body.
Nintu, mother goddess, Mesopotamian (Sumerian and Babylonian-Akkadian), broke off, according to legend, fourteen pieces of primordial clay to form the womb deities, seven on the left and seven in the right with a brick between them, who produced the first seven pairs of human embryos. She is closely identified with the goddess Ninhursaga and may have become Belet Ili (mistress of the gods) when, at Enki's suggestion, the gods slew one of themselves and used his flesh and blood, mixed with clay, to create humankind.
Enki (/ˈɛŋki/; Sumerian: dEN.KI(G)𒂗𒆠) is a god in Sumerian mythology, later known as Ea in Akkadian and Babylonian mythology. He was originally patron god of the city of Eridu, but later the influence of his cult spread throughout Mesopotamia and to the Canaanites, Hittites and Hurrians. He was the deity of crafts (gašam); mischief; water, seawater, lakewater (a, aba, ab), intelligence (gestú, literally "ear") and creation (Nudimmud: nu, likeness, dim mud, make beer). He was associated with the southern band of constellations called stars of Ea, but also with the constellation AŠ-IKU, the Field (Square of Pegasus). Beginning around the second millennium BCE, he was sometimes referred to in writing by the numeric ideogram for "40", occasionally referred to as his "sacred number". The planet Mercury, associated with Babylonian Nabu (the son of Marduk) was in Sumerian times, identified with Enki.
Enlil (nlin), 𒂗𒇸 (EN = Lord + LÍL = Wind, "Lord (of the) Storm") is the god of breath, wind, loft and breadth (height and distance).[2]It was the name of a chief deity listed and written about in Sumerian religion, and later in Akkadian (Assyrian and Babylonian), Hittite,Canaanite and other Mesopotamian clay and stone tablets. The name is perhaps pronounced and sometimes rendered in translations as "Ellil" in later Akkadian, Hittite, and Canaanite literature. In later Akkadian, Enlil is the son of Anshar and Kishar.
In Sumerian religion, Ninlil (𒀭𒊩𒌆𒆤 DNIN.LÍL"lady of the open field" or "Lady of the Wind"), also called Sud, in Assyrian called Mulliltu, is the consort goddess of Enlil. Her parentage is variously described. Most commonly she is called the daughter of Haia (god of stores) and Nunbarsegunu (or Ninshebargunnu [a goddess of barley] or Nisaba). Another Akkadian source says she is the daughter of Anu (aka An) and Antu (Sumerian Ki). Other sources call her a daughter of Anu and Nammu.
She lived in Dilmun with her family. Impregnated by her husband Enlil, who lie with her by the water, she conceived a boy,Nanna/Suen, the future moon god. As punishment Enlil was dispatched to the underworld kingdom of Ereshkigal, where Ninlil joined him. Enlil impregnated her disguised as the gatekeeper, where upon she gave birth to their son Nergal, god of death. In a similar manner she conceived the underworld god Ninazu when Enlil impregnated her disguised as the man of the river of the nether world, a man-devouring river. Later Enlil disguised himself as the man of the boat, impregnating her with a fourth deity Enbilulu, god of rivers and canals. All of these act as substitutes for Nanna/Suen to ascend. In some texts Ninlil is also the mother of Ninurta, the heroic god who slew Asag the demon with his mace, Sharur.
After her death, she became the goddess of the wind, like Enlil. She may be the Goddess of the South Wind referred to in the story of Adapa, as her husband Enlil was associated with northerly winter storms. As "Lady Wind" she may be associated with the figure of the Akkadian demon "Lil-itu", thought to have been the origin of the Hebrew Lilith legend.
In Mesopotamian mythology, Ereshkigal (𒀭𒊩𒆠𒃲 DEREŠ.KI.GAL, lit. "Queen of the Great Earth") was the goddess of Irkalla, the land of the dead or underworld. Sometimes her name is given as Irkalla, similar to the way the name Hades was used in Greek mythology for both the underworld and its ruler, and sometimes it is given as Ninkigal, lit. "Great Lady of the Earth" or "Lady of the Great Earth".
Ereshkigal was the only one who could pass judgment and give laws in her kingdom. The main temple dedicated to her was located in Kutha.The goddess Ishtar refers to Ereshkigal as her older sister in the Sumerian hymn "The Descent of Inanna" (which was also in later Babylonian myth, also called "The Descent of Ishtar"). Inanna/Ishtar's trip and return to the underworld is the most familiar of the myths concerning Ereshkigal.
the earth are formed from her divided body.
She lived in Dilmun with her family. Impregnated by her husband Enlil, who lie with her by the water, she conceived a boy,Nanna/Suen, the future moon god. As punishment Enlil was dispatched to the underworld kingdom of Ereshkigal, where Ninlil joined him. Enlil impregnated her disguised as the gatekeeper, where upon she gave birth to their son Nergal, god of death. In a similar manner she conceived the underworld god Ninazu when Enlil impregnated her disguised as the man of the river of the nether world, a man-devouring river. Later Enlil disguised himself as the man of the boat, impregnating her with a fourth deity Enbilulu, god of rivers and canals. All of these act as substitutes for Nanna/Suen to ascend. In some texts Ninlil is also the mother of Ninurta, the heroic god who slew Asag the demon with his mace, Sharur.
After her death, she became the goddess of the wind, like Enlil. She may be the Goddess of the South Wind referred to in the story of Adapa, as her husband Enlil was associated with northerly winter storms. As "Lady Wind" she may be associated with the figure of the Akkadian demon "Lil-itu", thought to have been the origin of the Hebrew Lilith legend.
In Mesopotamian mythology, Ereshkigal (𒀭𒊩𒆠𒃲 DEREŠ.KI.GAL, lit. "Queen of the Great Earth") was the goddess of Irkalla, the land of the dead or underworld. Sometimes her name is given as Irkalla, similar to the way the name Hades was used in Greek mythology for both the underworld and its ruler, and sometimes it is given as Ninkigal, lit. "Great Lady of the Earth" or "Lady of the Great Earth".
Ereshkigal was the only one who could pass judgment and give laws in her kingdom. The main temple dedicated to her was located in Kutha.The goddess Ishtar refers to Ereshkigal as her older sister in the Sumerian hymn "The Descent of Inanna" (which was also in later Babylonian myth, also called "The Descent of Ishtar"). Inanna/Ishtar's trip and return to the underworld is the most familiar of the myths concerning Ereshkigal.
Shamash (Akkadian: Šamaš, "Sun") was a native Mesopotamian deity and the Sun god in the Akkadian, Assyrian and Babylonian pantheons. Shamash was the god of justice in Babylonia and Assyria, corresponding to Sumerian Utu. Akkadian šamaš is cognate to Syriac ܫܡܫܐ šemša oršimšu Hebrew שֶׁמֶשׁ šemeš and Arabic شمس šams.
Gilgamesh (/ˈɡɪl.ɡə.mɛʃ/; Gilgameš, originally Bilgamesh) was a king of Uruk, Mesopotamia, who lived sometime between 2800 and 2500 BC. He is the main character in the Epic of Gilgamesh, a Akkadian poem that is considered the first great work of literature, and in earlier Sumerian poems.
In the epic, Gilgamesh is a demigod of superhuman strength who built the city walls of Uruk to defend his people and travelled to meet the sage Utnapishtim, who survived the Great Deluge. According to the Sumerian King List, Gilgamesh ruled his city for 126 years. In the Tummal Inscription, Gilgamesh and his son Urlugal rebuilt the sanctuary of the goddess Ninlil in Tummal, a sacred quarter in her city of Nippur.
Shiva (/ˈʃivə/; Sanskrit: Śiva, meaning "The Auspicious One"), also known as Mahadeva ("Great God"), is a popular Hindu deity. Shiva is regarded as one of the primary forms of God. He is the Supreme God within Shaivism, one of the three most influential denominations in contemporary Hinduism. He is one of the five primary forms of God in the Smarta tradition, and "the Destroyer" or "the Transformer"[among the Trimurti, the Hindu Trinity of the primary aspects of the divine.
Ganesha (/ɡəˈneɪʃə/; Sanskrit (IAST): Gaṇeśa; also known as Ganapati and Vinayaka, is one of the best-known and most worshipped deities in the Hindu pantheon. His image is found throughout India. Hindu sects worship him regardless of affiliations.Devotion to Ganesha is widely diffused and extends to Jains, Buddhists, and beyond India.
Zarich is one of the female members of the Daevas and the personification of ageing. Her eternal opponent is Ameretat.
Oberon: Is a fairy king of the fairies in medieval and Renaissance literature. He is best known as a character in William Shakespeare's play, A Midsummer Night's Dream, in which he is Consort to Titania, Queen of the Fairies ..
The Morrígan ("phantom queen") or Mórrígan ("great queen"), also written as Morrígu or in the plural as Morrígna, and spelled Morríghan or Mór-ríoghain in Modern Irish, is a figure from Irish mythology who appears to have been considered a goddess, although she is not explicitly referred to as such in the texts.
The Morrígan is a goddess of battle, strife, and sovereignty. She sometimes appears in the form of a crow, flying above the warriors, and in the Ulster Cycle she also takes the forms of an eel, a wolf and a cow. She is generally considered a war deity comparable with the Germanic Valkyries, although her association with a cow may also suggest a role connected with wealth and the land.
In Irish mythology, Balor (modern spelling: Balar) was king of the Fomorians, a group of supernatural beings. He is often described as a giant with a large eye in his forehead that wreaks destruction when opened. He has been interpreted as a god or personification of drought and blight.
Ekchua is a deity of the Mayan culture, started off as a God of Conflict, the Patron of the Cacao Bean a God of Chocolate. Those delicious dark beans were once used as currency
Quetzalcoatl (Classical Nahuatl: Quetzalcohuātl [ketsaɬˈko.aːtɬ]) is a Mesoamerican deity whose name comes from the Nahuatl language and has the meaning of "feathered serpent". The worship of a feathered serpent deity is first documented in Teotihuacan in the first century BC or first century AD.
Viracocha is the great creator god in the pre-Inca and Inca mythology in the Andes region of South America. Full name and some spelling alternatives are Wiracocha, Apu Qun Tiqsi Wiraqutra, and Con-Tici (also spelled Kon-Tiki, source of the naval vessel'sname) Viracocha. Viracocha was one of the most important deities in the Inca pantheon and seen as the creator of all things, or the substance from which all things are created, and intimately associated with the sea. Viracocha created the universe, sun, moon, and stars, time (by commanding the sun to move over the sky) and civilization itself. Viracocha was worshipped as god of the sunand of storms. He was represented as wearing the sun for a crown, with thunderbolts in his hands, and tears descending from his eyes as rain.
Malinche: Named Malinalli after the Goddess of Grass & Later Tenepal meaning- one who speaks with liveliness. She was Cortés interpreter & spoke Mayan and Nahuatl. She spoke to emissaries from Moctezuma & pointed to Cortés as the chief Spaniard. She learned the plan of Cholula to cooperate with the Aztecs to destroy the Spanish army. She alerted Cortés & pretended to be cooperating with her native informants while Cortés foiled their plot to a trap & slaughtered many Cholulans
Más imagenes en www.piterest.com/arte_cultura_ideas
además: www.deviantart.com
Más imagenes en www.piterest.com/arte_cultura_ideas
además: www.deviantart.com
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